Chronic stress can cause the body to conserve its cortisol. This is a protective mechanism designed to conserve cortisol and energy when the level of

The HPA axis is responsible for our response to stress or threat. Its function affects many bodily processes, ranging from digestion, the storage and usage

The amygdala is a brain area associated with uncertainty vigilance, anxiety, fear and PAIN. It can be thought of as an early warning system, the

Survivors have often experienced multiple Adverse Childhood Experiences or ACE’s. Those ACE’s can have cause threat responses which are outside of the survivors capacity to

Survivors can suffer elevated levels of physical as well as emotional and psychological pain. This is related to levels of Substance P, a neural peptide

Context matters: where and how did the trauma occur? Trauma occurring in a context where someone should feel safe, such as the home, or at

The basic function of the stress response is to increase the odds of our survival. These responses are shared across the animal kingdom and are

Stress and stress hormones are essential to everyday life. For example, even our “stress hormones” have a role to play for us to function during

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